Consequences Of Drug Interaction In The Use Of AEDs - 825 Words

Consequences Of Drug Interaction In The Use Of AEDs (Essay Sample) Content: CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG INTERACTION IN THE USE OF AEDsBy(name)InstitutionMedical professionals usually prescribe antiepileptic drugs(AEDs) for monotherapy and long term adjunctive therapy to treat epilepsy and other symptoms (Johannesen Landmark, 2018). The composition of AEDs includes drugs that are highly prone to drug interactions (Johannesen Landmark, 2018). The purpose of this essay is to examine clinically important interactions involving AEDs and their consequences. We can categorize the interactions as pharmacokinetic interactions with older AEDs and pharmacokinetic with newer AEDs.Firstly, older AEDs cause pharmacokinetic interactions that lead to inhibition or induction. Enzyme induction is a process that yields new enzymes and it involves protein synthesis (Johannesen Landmark, 2018). The course of induction needs many days to reach its final stages. The effects of induction include forfeiture of seizure regulation, diminished serum concentrations, pharmaco logical effects in the absence of active metabolites and an increased metabolism (Johannesen Landmark, 2018).On the other hand, enzyme inhibition is a consequence of the competition for the active site of an enzyme by various drugs and its result is the diminished metabolism of a drug. An increase in the circulating concentration of the affected drug occurs resulting in pharmacological potentiation, which occurs at a rate commensurate with the half life of the drug (Czuczwar et al., 2009). Accordingly, it transpires rapidly if the drug has a brief half life and at a slower rate in case the drug has a longer half-life. Moreover, upon the elimination of the inhibitor, the drug concentrations reduce while placing the patient at risk of seizures (Johannessen Landmark Johannessen, 2008).Secondly, pharmacokinetic interactions with latest AEDs involve the enzyme inducers topiramate and oxcarbazepine (Czuczwar et al., 2009). The interactions also involve enzyme inhibitors stiripentol, ruf inamide and felbamate. These drugs also affect other drug groups, for instance, oral contraceptives, older AEDs, and lamotrigine (Johannessen Landmark Johannessen, 2008). We can divide the interactions into three levels according to the clinical effects of changes in the serum concentrations.The first level describes interactions with grave clinical consequences and medical experts should take great care to avoid the combinations. An instance is the combination of the AED Carbamazepine with oral contraceptives. The interaction between the above drugs is harmful and it causes the diminishing of serum concentrations, impairing of the functions of the contraceptive and the triggering of estrogen metabolism.Level 2 interactions describe those interactions that require caution and dosage adjustments since they are hard to avoid. An example of a level 2 interaction is the combination of the AED valproic acid with lamotrigine (Johannesen Landmark, 2018). The interaction instigates the bl ocking of lamotrigine metabolism, increases the concentration of serum thus causing the emergence of skin rashes and neurotoxic symptoms. Therefore, monitoring and dosage modifications will mitigate the effects of level 2 interactions. Level 3 interactions are those interactions that have a minor influence on serum concentrations and consequently, their effects are not serious enough to require dosage adjustments (Tatum, 2010).In conclusion, older AEDs may instigate interactions that lead to enzyme inhibition or induction. Newer AEDs are also prone to interactions, due to their application in adjunc...

Essay Format Guide From English Teacher

Despite what you may think otherwise, following your instructors preferred essay format is vital. Reservations about strictly following this type of style is understandable, and you may even think that its downright silly. However, adherence to the most popular and extensively used academic styles, such as the APA or MLA, helps students keep their written work organized, tidy, and completely plagiarism-free. That is an important reason why you should follow given instructions.Whats an essay format?APA essay format? MLA essay format? Harvard essay format?Before plunging into the discussion about the essay format, it is important to understand its nature. An essay format is a succession of guidelines. It determines the arrangement of your paper, covering the title page and basic essay structure, down to the essay outline, conclusion, and even citations.How do you format an essay?As you begin formatting your paper, remember that you need to have a title page. Also take note that you wil l need a properly prepared essay structure, appropriate capitalization of text, in-text citations, and citations to be written on the bibliography/reference page/works cited page. Learning to write a hook, or simple looking for great hook ideas for your essay is also crucial, below is a guide on writing a proper essay format, presented step-by-step for optimum retention:Creating the Title PageBelow is a list of things your title page must have. Think of it as a checklist, so come back to it to ensure you have everything you need:Refrain from using single-space. Your title page must always be double-spaced.Times New Roman is the best font to use, with a 12 font size.Remember to write the name of your academic institution.Three spaces beneath the name of your institution, place the title of your paper.Near the bottom of your paper is where you write your name, the name and number of the course, your instructors name, and the due date.Your Essays First PageYou must first structure the initial page of your paper before you begin the writing process. Read the requirements listed below:The header to your essay on the right-hand corner should be half an inch below the top edge of the paper. This must be done for every page of the paper, with the exception of the works cited page.The upper left hand corner of your paper is where you shall place the heading.Insert the title of your essay an inch below the top edge of your paper, and make sure it is centered.Directly beneath the title is where you begin writing the first paragraph of your title.Your Essays Introduction, Body, and ConclusionEach type of academic work, whether just a simple short essay or a complex dissertation, must come with an introduction, body, and conclusion. The five-paragraph essay format contains two paragraphs devoted to the introduction and conclusion, while the other three are dedicated to the main body, where the bulk of your essay will be. Here, arguments are presented, followed by evidence that support said arguments. As soon as you master writing a standard five paragraph essay format composed of these parts, writing any other kind of essay format becomes much easier, no matter the length. The following are some tips to consider when writing your essay:Remember to use 12 font size and the font style Times New Roman.Your introductory paragraph, should contain and clearly state the main idea/thesis statement of your paper.Your essays main body should support your ideas in a logical and coherent way. Ensure that you cite evidence you have found in the research process. Your transition must be smooth and sensible from paragraph to paragraph.The conclusion is where you wrap up your paper, which can be done by bringing all your main points together. This part can also serve as an opportunity to resolve all problems you have addressed in your essay or implications arising from your arguments. Just remember to not introduce any new ideas or topics to the paper in your conclu sion all of those should have been done prior.The In-Text CitationIrrespective of academic style on which your essay format relies on, each time you cite the work of someone else in your written work, make sure to use in-text citation in the text, which shows the reader where you have found the information. Follow the examples below for reference: (insert visuals)Reference PageThe reference page is where you create a list of all the information you have cited. The name for this page depends on the academic style used. It is important that you get this correctly, in order to avoid being accused of plagiarism. Remember the following tips below as you piece your essay format together:Your sources should be listed in an alphabetical order.Should you find that your reference takes up more than two lines of text, indent the second line of text to the right by an inch, and then do the same for all other lines following the same reference.The materials youve gathered from different forms of media, such as web, print, lecture, etc., are formatted differently.List the references as follows: First write the last name of the author followed by his first name. Immediately follow this with the title and then the publishing information.As mentioned, there are various ways to list your references, as there are currently so many different types of media. It is vital that you consult a style guide to determine the best style for your utilized media.The Standard Essay FormatThe standard essay format follows standard formatting rules, which you can find below:Certain page margins (for example: 1 inch)Line spacing (for example: Double spacing), along with specific rules about spaces between paragraphs (for example: No spaces)Page headers (which contains either authors last name, shortened title, and the link)Some types of fonts (for example: 12 size, Times New Roman)The headings and subheadings (Remember: the headings of different levels usually vary in formatting style and font s ize)Page numbers (usually added in page headers)Indentation (typically about 5 spaces or half an inch)Structuring an EssayA direct approach to structuring the essay is introducing the thesis statement in the last sentence of the introduction. The use of introduction must convey context or show the importance of the topic, along with capturing attention of the reader, drawing them in. Each succeeding paragraph of the main body then begins with a topic sentence, which should support or address the thesis statement. A few sentences supporting the topic sentence should follow, and then ends with a paragraph-concluding sentence, or a transitioning sentence, to connect it to the next paragraph. Finally, the conclusion must highlight your essays key points to further emphasize the validity of your thesis statement. Writing an effective outline should make the writing process easier.Writing a Good EssayApart from having a clear and efficient essay structure, there are some fundamental requi rements to remember if you wish to write a good essay. Ensure a logical flow of content by incorporating smooth transitions. The use of compelling evidence is also essential, so make sure you obtain them from trustworthy sources, so learning how to evaluate online sources is necessary. A bulk of your written work depends on how alluring and persuasive your researched information is, so your focus on delivering quality content is tantamount.Things to Remember When Writing and Conducting ResearchThe writing process, as hard as it is, the essay format and structure can be just as tricky. Even the best writers still encounter problems from time to time, so here are some useful tips to follow to get the most out of the whole process:Know the topic like the back of your hand.There is no such thing as too much knowledge when it comes to writing, so do as much reading as you can on your topic. As you read, list down the names of author(s) and publishing information of materials you plan to use, so that compiling them alphabetically in the cited works page will be easier.Do not skip the pre-writing.It is tempting to begin writing as soon as you have necessary information, but do not skip this part. Pre-writing is also called brain dump. This is where you brainstorm ideas for your essay, and where the best, the most powerful, and most unique ideas are born. To do this, write down every single word and thought that comes to your mind. Do this for an hour, and soon enough youll find yourself writing entire lines of text.Just continue writing. To complete your task, simply sit down and do the work. The key to good writing is to just simply write away, so it is crucial that you work with commitment and discipline. Set aside a few hours of your day for your paper.Do not procrastinate. Essays due should not be put aside until the last minute, as you are bound to come up with something subpar. Again, commitment and discipline is necessary.Always check your work. Even the best of writers commit mistakes. There will be grammar and stylistic mistakes in your paper, so ensure that you go over your work and double-check.Custom essay and custom term paper help for studentsThis short essay help guide is designed to help students like you. However, should you feel that the help you need is more than what this guide can give you, contact our team now, as will be glad to give you the essay writing service youve been looking for you. Well get you in touch with our talented pool of writers, equipped with knowledge on different types of essay formats, as well as all kinds of essay help such as the following:college essaycollege applicationargumentative essaypersuasive essaycause and effectshort essayAnd many other academic writing services, all custom written. Think of a one stop essay writing service that is not limited to to just essay writing. Visit the rest of our website now and uncover all of the great benefits has to offer. No matter which subject, or how co mplicated your writing project may be, we are here to help get the right essay format now!